Development of Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) Norms and Indices of Rice (Oryza sativa) in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the 2023 dry season to determine the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) norms, indices, and nutrient uptake by three rice varieties (Jasmine, Giza, and Faro 44). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Leaf samples were analyzed for major (N, P, and K), secondary (Ca, Mg, and S), and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B). Results showed significant differences in nutrient uptake among the varieties. Jasmine had the highest N concentration (2.233%), while Faro 44 had the highest P (0.4167%) and K (2.967%) concentrations. The CND norms indicated higher K requirement compared to N. The CND indices identified N, Zn, Cu, and Mn as the most common yield-limiting nutrients in rice.The study demonstrates the effectiveness of CND norms and indices in diagnosing nutrient imbalances and optimizing fertilizer application for rice production in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. The findings provide valuable information for farmers and agricultural practitioners to improve rice productivity and reduce yield gaps in the region. This research is the first of its kind in the study area, and its results will contribute to the development of sustainable rice production practices in Nigeria.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliyu Abdulkadir, Sufiyanu Sani, Ibrahim Soliu Olaniyi, Isah S., Amuda A., Musa M., Firdausi Haruna Dalhat, Muazu Salsiu, Adesoji A. G. (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abdulkadir A, Dawaki MU, Sani M. 2019. Effect of organic soil amendments on soil chemical properties in Sudan Savannah of Nigeria. Niger J Soil Sci 30 (2): 122-132. DOI: 10.36265/njss.2020.300215.
Abdulkadir, A, Halilu, Y., and Sani, S. (2022). Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils at Bichi Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria. IRE Journal, 5(9), 556–562
ABDULKADIR, A., MANNE, I. Z., and SANI, S. (2025). Impact of distance from the water body on the point of zero charge of Dutsin-Ma Dam floodplain soils, Katsina State, Nigeria. International Journal of Bonorowo Wetlands, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w150101
Adesoji, A. G., Aliyu, A., Musa, M., Musa, S., and James, D. (2025). Assessment of Soil Health Status and Exploring the Potential of Its Improvement Using Cover Crops in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, 3(2), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2025-030222-23
Ahmad, A., Ashfaq, M., Rasul, G., Wajid, S. A., Khaliq, T., Rasul, F., Saeed, U., Rahman, M. H., Hussain, J., Baig, I. A., Naqvi, A. A., SAA, B., Ahmad, S., Naseem, W., Hoogenboom, G., Valdivia, R. O. (2015). Impact of climate change on the rice–wheat cropping system of Pakistan. In: Hillel D, Rosenzweig C (eds) Handbook of climate change and agro-ecosystems: the agricultural modeling intercomparison and improvement project (AgMIP) integrated crop and economic assessments. Imperial College Press and the American Society of Agronomy, London, pp 219–258.
Ahmad, S., Abbas, G., Ahmed, M., Fatima, Z., Anjum, M. A., Rasul, G., Khan, M. A., Hoogenboom, G. (2019). Climate warming and management impact on the change of rice-wheat phenology in Punjab, Pakistan. Field Crop Res 230:46–61.
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Ali, H., Hussain, A., Garcia, A., Khan, M. A., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Hasanuzzaman, M., Hoogenboom, G. (2013). Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and irrigation management of transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment. Irrig Sci 31(3):491–506.
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Soler, C. M. T., Ali, H., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Anothai, J., Hussain, A., Hoogenboom, G., Hasanuzzaman, M. (2012). Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and nitrogen management of fine transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment. Precis Agric 13(2):200–218.
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Zia-ul-Haq, M., Ali, H., Khaliq, T., Anjum, M. A., Khan, M. A., Hussain, A., Hoogenboom, G. (2009). Resources use efficiency of field grown transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) under irrigated semiarid environment. J Food Agric Environ 7(2):487–492.
Ahmad, S., Hasanuzzaman, M. (2012). Integrated effect of plant density, N rates and irrigation regimes on the biomass production, N content, PAR use efficiencies and water productivity of rice under irrigated semiarid environment. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 40(1):201–211.
Ahmad, S., Zia-ul-Haq, M., Ali, H., Shad, S. A., Ammad, A., Maqsood, M., Khan, M. B., Mehmood, S., Hussain, A. (2008). Water and radiation use efficiencies of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) at different plant densities and irrigation regimes under semi-arid environment. Pak J Bot 40(1): 199–209.
Ahmed, M., Ahmad, S. (2019). Carbon dioxide enrichment and crop productivity. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops, vol 2. Springer, Singapore, pp 31–46.
Ahmed, M., Ahmad, S., Raza, M. A., Kumar, U., Ansar, M., Shah, G. A., Parsons, D., Hoogenboom, G., Palosuo, T., Seidel, S. (2020a). Models calibration and evaluation. In: Ahmed M (ed) Systems modeling. Springer, Singapore, pp 151–178.
Ahmed, M., and Ahmad, S. (2020). Systems modeling. In: Ahmed M (ed) Systems modeling. Springer, Singapore, pp 1–44.
Ahmed, M., Fayyaz-ul-Hassan, A. S. (2017). Climate variability impact on rice production: adaptation and mitigation strategies. In: Ahmed M, Stockle C (eds) Quantification of climate variability, adaptation and mitigation for agricultural sustainability. Springer, Switzerland, pp 91–111.
Akram, R., Turan, V., Hammad, H. M., Ahmad, S., Hussain, S., Hasnain, A., Maqbool, M. M., Rehmani, M. I. A., Rasool, A., Masood, N., Mahmood, F., Mubeen, M., Sultana, S. R., Fahad, S., Amanet, K., Saleem, M., Abbas, Y., Akhtar, H. M., Hussain, S., Waseem, F., Murtaza, R., Amin, A., Zahoor, S. A., Sami ul Din, M., and Nasim, W. (2018). Fate of organic and inorganic pollutants in paddy soils. In: Hashmi MZ, Varma A (eds) Environmental pollution of paddy soils. Springer, Switzerland, pp 197–214.
Anjaneyulu, K. (2007). Diagnostic petiole nutrient norms and identification of yield limiting nutrients in papaya (Carica papaya.) using diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. Indian J. Agri. Sci. , 77(11): 711-714.
Anjaneyulu, K., Raghupathi, H. B. and Chandraprakash, M. K. (2008). Compositional nutrient diagnosis norms (CND) for guava (Psidium guajava L .). J. Hortl. Sci., 3(2): 132-135.
Dawaki MU, Abdulkadir A, Abdulrahman BL. 2020. Comparative potential effects of biochar, compost and inorganic fertilizer on major nutrient ions mobility and stability in screen - house irrigated maize in the drier savannas of Nigeria. Niger J Soil Sci 29 (2): 122-132. https://doi.org/10.36265/njss.2020.290215
Dobermann, A. and Fairhurst, T. (2000). Rice: Nutrient Disorders and Nutrient Management. Handbook series. Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI), Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and International Rice Research Institute. 191.
Escano, C. R., Jones, C. A. and Uehara, G. (1981). Nutrient diagnosis in corn grown in Hydric Dystrandepts II. Comparison of two systems of tissue diagnosis. Soil Sci. Am. J. 45, 1140–1144.
Fahad, S., Noor, M., Adnan, M., Khan, M. A., Rahman, L., Alam M., Khan I., A., Ullah, H., Mian, I. A., Hassan, S., Saud, S., Bakhat, H. F., Hammad, H. M., Ahmad, S., Nasim, W. (2019). Abiotic stress and rice grain quality. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M, Nahar K, Biswas J K (eds) Advances in rice research for abiotic stress tolerance. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, pp 571–583.
Fatima, Z., Ahmad, M., Hussain, M., Abbas, G., Ul-Allah, S., Ahmad, S., Ahmed, N., Ali, M. A., Sarwar, G., Ehsan ul Haque, Iqbal, P., Hussain, S. (2020). The fingerprints of climate warming on cereal crops phenology and adaptation options. Sci Rep 10:18013.
Gopalakrishnan, T. R. (2007). Vegetable crops. New India Publishing Agency, PitamPura, New Delhi. pp265.
Hafeez-ur-Rehman, Nawaz, A., Awan, M. I., Ijaz, M., Hussain, M., Ahmad, S., Farooq, M. (2019). Direct seeding in rice: problems and prospects. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops: production technologies, vol 1. Springer, Singapore, pp 199–222
Hussain, M., Ahmad, S., Hussain, S., Lal, R., Ul-Allah, S., Nawaz, A. (2018). Rice in saline soils: physiology, biochemistry, genetics and management. Adv Agron 148:231–287.
Jackson, M. L., (1973). Soil Chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi, pp408. Jones and Case, 1990. Hand book of reference methods for plant analysis. Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Inc. , 10:42-46.
Kahsay, A., Haile, M., Gebresamuel, G., and Mohammed, M. (2025). Developing soil quality indices to investigate degradation impacts of different land use types in Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 11(1), e41185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41185
Khan, M. A., Ahmad, S., and Raza, A. (2019a). Integrated weed management for agronomic crops. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops, vol 2. Springer, Singapore, pp 257–281.
Khiari, L., Parent, L. E. and Tremblay, N. (2001). Selecting the high-yield subpopulation for diagnosing nutrient imbalance in crops. Agron. J. 93, 802–808.
Maathuis, F. J. (2009). Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12 : 250-258.
Muhammad Amin, A., Sani, M., Bello Ahmad, U., Sufiyanu, S., Bashir Shehu, H., Wada Rabiu, A., and Afiya Kabir, L. (2019). Geo-statistical mapping of some soil fertility constraints in sorghum- based cropping system of Sudano-Sahelian zone of Nigeria. Azarian Journal of Agriculture, 6(6), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.29252/azarinj.019
Muhammad, A., Musa, M., Sani, S., and Ibrahim, U. M. (2024). Environmental Contamination by Agrochemicals and Its Indiscriminate Use by Dry Season Farmers in Sudan Savannah of Katsina State. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, 2(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2024-0201-009
Muhammad, F. (2025). SEASONAL ASSESSMENT OF SOME ANIONS IN SOIL FROM DUTSIN-MA IRRIGATION FARMLANDS KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 9, 258–263. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-09(ahbsi)-3524
Muntaka Mamman, Aderemi G. Adesoji, Hussaini Yusuf Ibrahim, Abdulhadi Muhammad, Musa Muhammad, Ahmed A. Abdullahi, Aliyu Abdulkadir, Hussaina Babba Usman, and O. M. Olarewaju (2025). Comparative Analysis of Yield and Profitability of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Production Using Precision Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Volume 11 Number 2, June 2025 Special Issue, Pp.54-58. https://doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2025.1102.007
Navvabzdeh, M. and Malakouti, M. J. (1993). Development of DRIS norms for potato in the calcareous soils of Iran. J. Plant Nut. 16, 1409–1416.
Naz, S., Fatima, Z., Iqbal, P., Khan, A., Zakir, I., Noreen, S., Younis, H., Abbas, G., Ahmad, S. (2019). Agronomic crops: types and uses. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops. Production technologies, vol 1. Springer, Singapore, pp 1–18
Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nded. Agronomy. 9:539-579
Nieves-Cordones, M., Ródenas, R., Lara, A., Martínez, V. and Rubio, F. (2019). The combination of K+ deficiency with other environmental stresses: what is the outcome?. Physiol. Plant. 165: 264-276.
Noma, S. S; and S. Sani. (2008) Estimation of Soil organic matter Content in soils of Sokoto Area: Comparing Walkley- Black and a proposed unconventional method. Techno Science Africana Journal 2(1) 71-76
Okuda, A., Hori, S. and Ida, S. (1961). Boron nutrition in higher plants. I. A method of growing boron deficient plants. Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure, Japan 32:153–157.
Parent, L. E. and Dafir, M. (1992). A theoretical concept of CND. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 117, 239–242.
Parent, L. E. and Dafir, M., (1992). A theoretical concept of compositional nutrient diagnosis. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 117(2): 239-242.
Parent, L. E., Cambouris, A. N. and Muhawenimana, A., (1994). Multivariate diagnosis of nutrient imbalance in potato crops. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 58: 1432-1438.
Parent, L. E., Cambouris, A. N., and Muhawenimana, A. (1994). Multivariate diagnosis of nutrient imbalance in potato crops. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 1432–1438.
Peerzada, A. M., Bukhari, S. A. H., Dawood, M., Nawaz, A., Ahmad, S., Adkins, S. (2019). Weed management for healthy crop production. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops, vol 2. Springer, Singapore, pp 225–256.
Quijano-Guerta, C., Kirk GJD, Portugal, A. M., Bartolome, V. I. and McLaren, G. C. (2002). Tolerance of rice germplasm to Zinc deficiency. Field Crop Res. 76:123–130.
Razaq, M., Shah, F. M., Ahmad, S., Afzal, M. (2019). Pest management for agronomic crops. In:
Sani, M., Alhassan, I., Amin, M. A., Sani, S. and Musa, A. A. (2019) Trends of soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity in Nigerian Northern Guinea Savannah, in relation to the soil texture and depth. Dutse Journal of Agriculture and Food Security (DUJAFS) 6(2) 100-108
Sani, S., Sani, M., Salihu, A. P., Aliyu, A., Yakubu, M., Garba, N. H., & Basiru, L. J. (2022). SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN JIBIA IRRIGATION PROJECT, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.31924/nrsd.v12i2.103
Sarwar N, AliH, Ahmad, S., EhsanUllah, A. S., Mubeen, K., Hill, J. E. (2013a). Water wise rice cultivation on calcareous soil with the addition of essential micronutrients. JAnim PlantSci23(1):244–250
Sarwar, N, AliH, Ahmad, S., Ehsan Ullah A. S., Mubeen, K., Hill, J. E. (2013a). Water wise rice cultivation on calcareous soil with the addition of essential micronutrients. JAnim Plant Sci 23(1):244–250
Snyder, G. H. and Jones, D. B. (1988). Prediction of iron related rice seedling chlorosis on everglades Histosols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52:1043–1046.
Sposito, G. (2016). Soil Acidity. The Chemistry of Soils. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0015
Sufiyanu Sani, Aliyu Abdulkadir, Musa Muhammad, Musab Ibrahim, Abdulsalam Sani Nababa, Ahmad Ubaidullah and Aliyu Suleiman (2024). Assessment of Soil Salinity and Sodicity Status at Jibia Irrigation Project, Katsina State, Nigeria. Life Sciences: an International Journal (LSIJ) Vol.1, No.1, 2024
Tariq, M., Ahmed, M., Iqbal, P., Fatima, Z., Ahmad, S. (2020). Crop phenotyping. In: Ahmed M (ed) Systems modeling. Springer, Singapore, pp 45–60.
Vijaykumar, C. (2010). Effect of sources and time of fertilizer application on uptake, growth and yield of potato under rainfed condition in Hassan District. M.Sc. thesis submitted to UAS, Bangalore.
Walworth, J. L. and Sumner, M. E. (1987). The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). Adv. Soil Sci. 6, 149–188.
Wang, Y. and Wu, W. H. (2013). Potassium transport and signaling in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 64: 451-476.
Ware, G. O., Ohki, K. and Moon, L. C. (1982). The Mitscherlich plant growth model for determining critical nutrient deficiency levels. Agron. J. 74, 88–91.
Wasaya, A., Yasir, T. A., Ijaz, M., Ahmad, S. (2019). Tillage effects on agronomic crop production. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops, vol 2. Springer, Singapore, pp 73–99.
Wasaya, A., Yasir, T. A., Ijaz, M., Ahmad, S. (2019). Tillage effects on agronomic crop production. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops, vol 2. Springer, Singapore, pp 73–99.
Zahoor, S. A., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Wajid, A., Khaliq, T., Mubeen, M., Hussain, S., Sami, U. l., Din, M., Amin, A., Awais, M., and Nasim, W. (2019). Improving water use efficiency in agronomic crop production. In: Hasanuzzaman M(ed) Agronomic crops. Springer, Singapore, pp 13–29.
Zahoor, S. A., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Wajid, A., Khaliq, T., Mubeen, M., Hussain, S., Sami, U. l. Din, M., Amin, A., Awais, M., Nasim, W. (2019). Improving water use efficiency in agronomic crop production. In: Hasanuzzaman M (ed) Agronomic crops. Springer, Singapore, pp 13–29.
Article Sidebar
