Livelihood Strategies of Maize Farmers Under Climate Change Adaptation and Agribusiness Support Programme in Jigawa State, Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study determines the livelihood strategies of maize farmers under the Climate Change Adaptation and Agribusiness Support Programme (CASP) in Jigawa State, Nigeria, using sustainable livelihood analysis. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 242 participating maize farmers, and primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Multivariate Probit models were used for data analysis. The results discovered that the major livelihood strategies adopted by maize farmers under CASP were on-farm, such as food and cash crop production 86% and livestock, dairy and poultry production 79%, off-farm, such as crop and livestock marketing 98% and non-farm, such as trades/trading 34% and pottery, weaving and handicraft 33%. The Multivariate Probit regression analysis indicated that age, farm size, extension visits and Community Development Associations (CDAs) membership significantly influenced maize farmers under CASP on the on-farm livelihood strategies at different levels of significance. Age and CDAs membership significantly influenced maize farmers under CASP on the off-farm livelihood strategies and household size, extension visits, CDAs membership and farm size significantly influenced maize farmers under CASP on the non-farm livelihood strategies. The study recommended that the maize farmers under CASP should gather money through CDAs for private extension services and the government should raise funding for extension programmes, train more agents and confirm systematic visits to rural farming communities. The government should offer capacity-building grants and legal support to Community Development Associations to boost their role in on-farm activities development.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Muntaka Mamman, Lawan Abdulmumini, Ahmad Muhammad (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abdulmumini, L., Lemoro, E. I., & Ibrahim M. (2023). Factors influencing youth participation in maize production in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, 14-18 May 2023 at Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI) Abuja Office. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v28i1.9S
Abdulmumini, L., Yusuf, O. & Damisa, M. A. (2024). Factors influencing maize farmers participation under Climate Change Adaptation and Agribusiness Support Programme in Jigawa and Katsina States, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology (NJAAT), 4(3), 318 – 325.
Abdulsalam, R. Y., Goni, M., Apeh, C. C., & Kabeer, M. Y. (2023). An application of sustainable livelihood approach to fishing households in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Economics (NJAE), 13(1), 1 – 9.
Abebaw, L., Tuffa, W. B., & Alemu, D. (2024). Classification and determinants of rural households’ participation in livelihood diversification strategies in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research, 46(2), 166 – 203.
Abera, A., Yirgu, T., Uncha, A. (2021). Determinants of rural livelihood diversification strategies among Chewaka resettlers’ communities of southwestern Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 10(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00305-w
Afodu, O. J., Afolami, C. A., Akinboye, O., Ndubuisi-Ogbonna, L., Ayodeji, A. T., Shobo, B., Ogunnowo, M. D. (2019). Livelihood diversification and its determinants on rice farming households in Ogun State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(35), 2104 – 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2019.14205
Agbarevo, M. N. B., & Nmeregini, D. C. (2019). Effect of non-farm income-generating activities on poverty reduction among rural households in Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Research, 2(1), 15-25.
Ahmed, S., Hassan, M. R., Yakubu, L. L., Ajala, M. K., Rekwot, G. Z., & Abdulmumini, L. (2025). Assessment of livelihood strategies adopted among camels’ herders in North-West, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Animal Production & Environmental Science, 1(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.121-128
Alam, I. (2025). Promoting livelihood opportunities in rural areas through sustainable tourism: A sustainable livelihood. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 12(3), 123 – 131. DOI: https://www.10.3126/ijssm.v12i3.78942
Alemu, Z. G. (2012, August). Livelihood strategies in rural South Africa: implications for poverty reduction. In 2012 Conference, August (pp. 18 – 24)
Bamidele, S. (2024). Assessing the impact of livelihood diversification strategies on household food security among smallholder farmers in South-Western Nigeria. Economic and Regional Studies, 17(4), 614 – 639. https://doi.org/10.2478/ers-2024-0034
Belonwu, N. E., Onemolease, E.A., & Igene, C.A. (2020). Determinants of household livelihood among rural women in Delta North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Agricultural Economics and Extension Research Studies (AGEERS) University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 8(1), Pp: 1-9
Belonwu, N. E., Umeri, C., Moseri, H., & Nwabeze, G. O. (2024). Analysis of livelihood diversification among rural farmworker households in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 28(1), 12 – 18. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v28i1.2
Bezu, S., & Holden, S. (2014). Are rural youth in Ethiopia abandoning agriculture? World Development, 64, 259–272.
Bock, R. D., & Gibbons, R. D. (1996). High-dimensional multivariate probit analysis. BIOMETRICS, 52, 1183 – 1194.
Chib, S., & Greenberg, E. (1998). Analysis of multivariate probit models. Biometrika, 85(2), 347 – 361.
Chinalurum, C. A., Ojoko, E. A. & Junaidu, M. (2024). Determinants of livelihood diversification among farming households in Nigeria. Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development (JASD), 7(2), 78 – 85.
Department for International Development. (2001). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. www.livelihoods.org/info/info_guidanceSheets.html#6:DFID
Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38.
Gebru, G. W., Ichoku, H. E., Ogbonnia, P., & Phi-Eze, P. O. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in the Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 7, 1–9.
Hill, L., & Kau, P. (1973). Application of multivariate probit model of grain dryer purchasing decisions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 55, 19 – 27.
Ibrahim, U. S., Mukhtar, U., Ahungwa, G. T., Garba, A., & Mamman, B. Y. (2025). Assessment of livelihood sustainability strategies among small-holder farmers in flood-prone areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA 3(1), 49 – 60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2025-0301-07
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2020). IFAD at Glance available at https://www.ifad.org/en/web/knowledge/-/publication/ifad-at-a-glance. Retrieved on 06 January, 2022.
International Labour Organization (2018). World employment social outlook, International Labour Organization, viewed 17th June 2019, from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/publicationdgreport/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_615594.pdf
Jigawa State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (2024). Jigawa State Agricultural Policy 2024 – 2030. Available at https://www.investjigawa.gov.ng
Kassegn, A. & Abdinasir, U. (2023). Determinants of rural households’ livelihood diversification strategies: In the case of North Wollo Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Development Economics, 11(1), 1 – 34. https://doi.org/10.108/23322039.2023.2185347
Liu, W., Li, J., Ren, L., Xu, J., Li, C., & Li, S. (2020). Exploring livelihood resilience and its impact on livelihood strategy in rural China. Social Indicator Research, 150(3), 977 – 998.
Loison, S. A. (2019). Household livelihood diversification and gender: Panel evidence from rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 69, 156 – 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.03.001
Madzivhandila, T. S. (2023). Livelihood activities in Sub-Saharan African: Applying entrepreneurship and innovation for climate change. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 6(12), 134 – 141. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v6i12.1724
Magaji, S., & Musa, I. (2024). Analysis of farmers' awareness on the effect of climate change on food security in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Management, 4(3), 439 – 454.
Matsumoto, T., Kijima, Y., & Yamano, T. (2006). The role of local nonfarm activities and migration in reducing poverty: Evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. Agricultural Economics, 35, 449 – 458.
Okoth, Y. A., Osewe, M., & Liu, A. (2024). Sustainable agricultural technologies and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Uganda. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 113, 199 – 204. DOI: https://10.3303/CET24113034
Olutegbe, N. S. (2021). Livelihood and well-being of rural households around Oyan Dam, Nigeria: The sustainable livelihood approach. Journal of Sustainable Development, 19(1), 69 – 83.
Onumah, G., Dhamankar, M., Ponsioen, T., & Bello, M. (2021). Maize value chain analysis in Nigeria. In: Report for the European Union, INTPA/F3. Value Chain Analysis for Development Project. VCA4D CTR 2016/375-804), 155p+ annexes.
Onuwa, G., Mailumo, S., Chizea, C., & Alamanjo, C. (2022). Socioeconomic determinants of livelihood diversification among arable crop farmers in Shendam, Plateau State, Nigeria. Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal, 22(4), 301 – 309. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2022.022.4.7
PriceWaterhouseCoopers (2021). Positioning Nigeria as Africa’s Leader in Maize Production for AfCFTA. Insights on Global Maize Production and How Nigeria Can Position Itself as Africa’s Leader in Maize Production. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/positio ning-nigeria-as-africa-leader-in-maize-production-for-afcfta.pdf.
Raphael, L. J. (2024). Challenges facing smallholder farmers in mono cash-crop production in Tanzania: Are adaptation strategies towards livelihood diversification a panacea? Tanzania Journal of Development Studies, 22(1), 116 – 134.
Samuel, M., Ahmed, H. A., & Isiyaku, S. (2022). Assessment of the effects of the international fund for agricultural development intervention on livelihood of internally displaced millet farmers in Borno State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, 8(1), 276 – 282.
Serrat, O. (2017). Understanding and Developing Emotional Intelligence. In Knowledge Solutions (329 - 339). Singapore: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_37
Shillingi, V., & Sakinoi, B. (2025). Strategizing resilience: Economic diversification as a catalyst for sustainable livelihood among Maasai in Kilosa and Mvomero, Tanzania. Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2), 168 – 178.
Singh, G. & Mishra, A.K. (2025). Livelihood-Definition, concept and livelihood pattern in urban and rural areas. Farming Based Livelihood Systems, 27 – 40.
Su, F., & Yin, Y. J. (2020). Optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty groups among farmers: A case study of the QinBa Mountain area in South-Shaanxi China. Journal of Management Science, 17, 1206 – 1220.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2022). Adaptation Knowledge Portal. Retrieved from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Pages/Home.aspx
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO) (2013). World Food and Agriculture: Statistical year book, retrieved on 6th May 2019 from https://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e.pdf
Article Sidebar
