The Influence of Global and Regional Climate Policies on Solar Mini-grid Implementation in Ghana
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present global energy transition’s fundamental goal is to minimise climate change by reducing energy-related CO2 emissions. The developed nations are the primary contributors to the development and implementation of climate change mitigation measures. Regardless, the implementations have proven to be slow for developing countries despite the availability of renewable energy sources and new technologies to utilise them. There is limited evidence on how the global climate policies on finance, including the African regional policies, have influenced the development of green energy projects in developing countries, particularly Ghana. The study aims to analyse the policies concerning climate change emanating from global and regional levels to determine their impact on the development of green energy projects, mainly solar mini-grids in Ghana. A qualitative approach was used through document analysis to analyse data from policy documents, energy-related reports and academic literature. Document analysis ensures easy accessibility and provides a firsthand understanding of policy processes. The paper found that one of the major challenges the recent COPS (26-29) faced was the lack of commitment to the financial pledges by the developed countries to the developing countries to fund clean energy initiatives. This has invariably contributed to the gap in solar mini-grid implementations, as Ghana has not benefited much from the green climate finance. The paper recommends that world leaders and policymakers commit to the climate green financing agreements and ensure smooth management and disbursement of funds to support developing countries in their clean energy projects.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Tracy Asamoah-Boateng (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Adeniyi, D. (2025). The broken promise of loss and damage finance: Can Europe help?. https://ecdpm.org/application/files/9217/3815/6775/The-broken-promise-loss-damage-finance-Can-Europe-help-ECDPM-briefing-note-191-2025.pdf
Adu-Poku, A., Aidam, G. S. S. K., Jackson, G. A., N'tsoukpoe, K. E., Kponyo, J. J., Messan, A., ... & Kemausuor, F. (2023). Performance assessment and resilience of solar mini-grids for sustainable energy access in Ghana. Energy, 285, 129431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129431
Adzawla, W., Sawaneh, M., & Yusuf, A. M. (2019). Greenhouse gasses emission and economic growth nexus of sub-Saharan Africa. Scientific African, 3, e00065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00065
Africa Policy Research Institute. (2025). A continent in focus: COP29 outcomes and implications for Africa. https://afripoli.org/a-continent-in-focus-cop29-outcomes-and-implications-for-africa#:~:text=Africa ‘'’s%20top%20priorities%20for%20COP29,transition%2C%20and%20loss%20and%20damage
African Development Bank Group (AFDB). (2021) COP26 - Accelerating the Implementation of the Desert to Power Programme to build back better from Covid. https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/multimedia/video/cop26-accelerating-implementation-desert-power-programme-build-back-better-covid-full-event-48588
African Power Platform. (2015). Framework for transforming Africa towards a renewable energy-powered future with access for all. https://www.africanpowerplatform.org/resources/620-a-framework-for-transforming-africa-towards-a-renewable-energy-powered-future-with-access-for-all.html
African Renewable Energy Initiative. (2023). Africa Renewable Energy Initiative. https://www.arei.info/eng
African Union. (2022). African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy And Action Plan (2022-2032). https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/41959-doc-CC_Strategy_and_Action_Plan_2022-2032_08_02_23_Single_Print_Ready.pdf
Aguda, O. O. (2024). An Examination of the Impact of Energy Transition on Marginalized Communities in the Global South. East African Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 1(2). https://journal.kiut.ac.tz/index.php/eajlpg/article/view/114
Alstone, P., Gershenson, D., & Kammen, D. M. (2015). Decentralized energy systems for clean electricity access. Nature climate change, 5(4), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2512
Ambrey, C., Byrne, J., Matthews, T., Davison, A., Portanger, C., & Lo, A. (2017). Cultivating climate justice: Green infrastructure and suburban disadvantage in Australia. Applied Geography, 89, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.10.002
Amir, M., & Khan, S. Z. (2022). Assessment of renewable energy: Status, challenges, COVID-19 impacts, opportunities, and sustainable energy solutions in Africa. Energy and Built Environment, 3(3), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2021.03.002
Atabaki, M. S., Mohammadi, M., & Aryanpur, V. (2022). An integrated simulation-optimization modelling approach for sustainability assessment of electricity generation system. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102010
Avila, N., Carvallo, J. P., Shaw, B., & Kammen, D. M. (2017). The energy challenge in sub-Saharan Africa: A guide for advocates and policy makers. Generating Energy for Sustainable and Equitable Development, Part, 1, 1-79. https://www.aler-renovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/oxfam_rael_2017_jan_the-energy-
challenge-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-guide-for-advocates-and-policy-makers-part-1.pdf
Babayomi, O. O., Olubayo, B., Denwigwe, I. H., Somefun, T. E., Adedoja, O. S., Somefun, C. T., ... & Attah, A. (2023). A review of renewable off-grid mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in energy research, 10, 1089025. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2023FrER...1089025B/doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.1089025
Bans-Akutey, A., & Tiimub, B. M. (2021). Triangulation in research. Academia Letters, 2(3392), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3392
Baurzhan, S., & Jenkins, G. P. (2016). Off-grid solar PV: Is it an affordable or appropriate solution for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan African countries?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1405-1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.016
Beauchamp, E., & Józefiak, I. (2023). Defining a Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning System for the Global Goal on Adaptation. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-05/global-goal-on-adaptation-monitoring-evaluation-learning-framework-cop-28.pdf
Bhattacharyya, S. C. (2013). Financing energy access and off-grid electrification: A review of status, options and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 462-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.008
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative research journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Boyle, B. (2024). Overview of carbon emissions produced by Ghana. https://www.emission-index.com/countries/ghana
Broom, F. (2021). Developing countries ‘deeply frustrated’by COP26 outcome. SciDev. net-Environment. https://www.scidev.net/global/news/developing-countries-deeply-frustrated-by-cop26-outcome/
Bukari, D., Tuokuu, F. X. D., Suleman, S., Ackah, I., & Apenu, G. (2021). Ghana’s energy access journey so far: a review of key strategies. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 15(1), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-02-2020-0008
Cairney, P., Timonina, I., & Stephan, H. (2023). How can policy and policymaking foster climate justice? A qualitative systematic review. Open Research Europe, 3, 51. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.157192
Cardno, C. (2018). Policy Document Analysis: A practical educational leadership tool and a qualitative research method. Educational Administration: Theory & Practice, 24(4), 623-640. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1305631
Casey, D., & Murphy, K. (2009). Issues in using methodological triangulation in research. Nurse researcher, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2009.07.16.4.40.c7160
Chevallier, R., & Chesterman, S. (2022). Enhancing the operationalization of the African Union’s climate change and resilient development Strategy and action Plan (2022-2032). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/126214
Ciplet, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2017). Climate change and the transition to neoliberal environmental governance. Global environmental change, 46, 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.003
Climate Change Committee. (2021). COP26: Key outcomes and next steps for the UK. https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/COP26-Key-outcomes-and-next-steps-for-the-UK-Final.pdf
Climate Change Committee. (2022). COP27: Key outcomes and next steps for the UK. https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/COP27-Key-outcomes-and-next-steps-for-the-UK.pdf
Climate Change Committee. (2024). COP29: Key outcomes and next steps for the UK. https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/cop29-key-outcomes-and-next-steps-for-the-uk/#:~:text=COP29%20was%20held%20in%20Baku,the%20period%20through%20to%202035
Climate Policy Initiative. (2022). Global Landscape of Climate Finance: A Decade of Data. Authors: Baysa Naran, Jake Connolly, Paul Rosane, Dharshan Wignarajah, Githungo Wakaba and Barbara Buchner. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-a-decade-of-data/
Dagnachew, A. G., Lucas, P. L., Hof, A. F., Gernaat, D. E., de Boer, H. S., & van Vuuren, D. P. (2017). The role of decentralized systems in providing universal electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa–A model-based approach. Energy, 139, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.144
Depledge, J., Saldivia, M., & Peñasco, C. (2022). Glass half full or glass half empty?: the 2021 Glasgow Climate Conference. Climate Policy, 22(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2022.2038482
Donkoh, S., & Mensah, J. (2023). Application of triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 10(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00319
Doshi, D., & Garschagen, M. (2020). Understanding adaptation finance allocation: Which factors enable or constrain vulnerable countries to access funding?. Sustainability, 12(10), 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104308
ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE). (2013). ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy. http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/documents/ecowas_renewable_energy_policy.pdf
ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE). (2023). ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy. http://www.ecreee.org/page/ecowas-renewable-energy-policy
Energy Commission. (2021). National Energy Statistics: Securing Ghana's Future Energy Today. Energy-Outlook-for-Ghana-2021.pdf
Energy news Africa. (2025). Ghana: Energy Minister Commissions $2.3 Million SECO-Funded Mini-Grid Project in Ada East Municipality. https://energynewsafrica.com/ghana-energy-minister-commissions-2-3-million-seco-funded-mini-grid-project-in-ada-east-municipality/
Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). (2000). ESMAP Minigrid Design Manual. https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/TR_minigriddesignmanual21364.pdf
Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP). (2017). Ghana: Mini-Grids for Last-Mile Electrification. https://www.eca-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ESMAP-Ghana_Mini_grids_for_last_Mile_Electrification_Optimized.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). Ghana’s Fourth National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Gh_NC4.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021). Ghana’s Third Biennial Update Report to United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_BUR3_1282021_submission.pdf
ESI Africa. (2023). COP 28: Financing Africa’s pathway to net zero energy systems. https://www.esi-africa.com/africa/cop28-financing-africas-pathway-to-net-zero-energy-systems/
European Parliamentary Research Service. (2022). The African Union's first climate strategy and EU-Africa climate cooperation. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/738201/EPRS_BRI(2022)738201_EN.pdf
European Union. (2017). Paris Agreement: The European Union and the African Union reaffirm their strong commitment to full implementation. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/27399_en
Feist, M., & Geden, O. (2023). Climate negotiations in times of multiple crises: Credibility and trust in international climate politics after COP 27. https://doi.org/10.18449/2023C10
Figueroa, R. M. (2022). Environmental justice. In The Routledge companion to environmental ethics (pp. 767-782). Routledge.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768090-75/environmental-justice-robert-melchior-figueroa
Franzki, H., & Olarte, M. C. (2013). Understanding the political economy of transitional justice: A critical theory perspective. In Transitional justice theories (pp. 201-221). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203465738-19
Glemarec, Y. (2012). Financing off-grid sustainable energy access for the poor. Energy policy, 47, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.032
Green Energy Africa Summit. (2024). COP 28 Delivered Clean Energy Deals for Africa. https://greenenergyafricasummit.com/articles/cop-28-delivered-clean-energy-deals-for-afric
Grimm, M., Munyehirwe, A., Peters, J., & Sievert, M. (2017). A first step up the energy ladder? Low cost solar kits and household’s welfare in rural Rwanda. The World Bank Economic Review, 31(3), 631-649. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhw052
Hargroves, K., James, B., Lane, J., & Newman, P. (2023). The role of distributed energy resources and associated business models in the decentralised energy transition: A review. Energies, 16(10), 4231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104231
Harish, V. S. K. V., Anwer, N., & Kumar, A. (2022). Applications, planning and socio-techno-economic analysis of distributed energy systems for rural electrification in India and other countries: A review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102032
Heffron, R. J., McCauley, D., & Sovacool, B. K. (2015). Resolving society's energy trilemma through the Energy Justice Metric. Energy Policy, 87, 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.033
Helen, M., David, W., Lorena, G., Chirag, G., Nathan, C., Mima, H., ... & Rhys, G. (2021). COP26: Key Outcomes From the UN Climate Talks in Glasgow. https://www.wri.org/insights/cop26-key-outcomes-un-climate-talks-glasgow
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2018). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. https://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2022). World Energy Outlook Special Report. Africa Energy Outlook 2022. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/220b2862-33a6-47bd-81e9-00e586f4d384/AfricaEnergyOutlook2022.pdf
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Renewables 2023. Analysis and Forecast to 2028. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/3f7f2c25-5b6f-4f3c-a1c0-71085bac5383/Renewables_2023.pdf
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2019). Africa Energy Outlook 2019. International Energy Agency, Paris. www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy- outlook-2019
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2016). Innovation Outlook: Renewable Mini-grids. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_Innovation_Outlook_Minigrids_2016.pdf
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2019). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2022). The Renewable Energy Transition in Africa. Powering Access, Resilience and Prosperity. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/Renewable_Energy_Transition_Africa_2021.pdf
Jiang, T., He, X., Su, B., Havea, P. H., Wei, K., Kundzewicz, Z. W., & Liu, D. (2024). COP 28: Challenge of coping with climate crisis. The Innovation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100559
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational researcher, 33(7), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014
Kabeyi, M. J. B., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2022). Sustainable energy transition for renewable and low carbon grid electricity generation and supply. Frontiers in Energy research, 9, 743114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.743114
Kenfack, C. E. (2018). Changing environment, just transition and job creation: perspectives from the south. https://biblioteca-repositorio.clacso.edu.ar/bitstream/CLACSO/14319/1/Changing_environment.pdf
Khan, M., Robinson, S. A., Weikmans, R., Ciplet, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2020). Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens. Climatic Change, 161(2), 251-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x
Klein, D., Carazo, M. P., Doelle, M., Bulmer, J., & Higham, A. (Eds.). (2017). The Paris Agreement on climate change: Analysis and commentary. Oxford University Press https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/faculty_books/15/
Lahn, B. (2018). In the light of equity and science: scientific expertise and climate justice after Paris. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 18(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9375-8
Lyster, R. (2015). Climate justice and disaster law. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316227534
Masood, E., Tollefson, J., & Irwin, A. (2022). COP27 climate talks: what succeeded, what failed and what’s next. Nature, 612(7938), 16-17. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03807-0
Mele, A., Paglialunga, E., & Sforna, G. (2021). Climate cooperation from Kyoto to Paris: What can be learnt from the CDM experience?. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 75, 100942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100942
Ministry of Energy. (2021). Ghana Energy Policy, 2021: Energy Sector as Engine for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development. https://www.energymin.gov.gh/sites/default/files/2023-09/2021%20ENERGY%20POLICY.pdf
Mountford, H., Waskow, D., Gonzalez, L., Gajjar, C., Cogswell, N., Holt, M., ... & Gerholdt, R. (2021). COP26: key outcomes from the UN climate talks in Glasgow. World Resources Institute, 17. https://www.wri.org/insights/cop26-key-outcomes-un-climate-talks-glasgow
Mungai, E. M., Ndiritu, S. W., & Da Silva, I. (2022). Unlocking climate finance potential and policy barriers—A case of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 7, 100043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2021.100043
Muttitt, G., & Kartha, S. (2020). Equity, climate justice and fossil fuel extraction: principles for a managed phase out. Climate Policy, 20(8), 1024-1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1763900
Newell, P., & Bulkeley, H. (2017). Landscape for change? International climate policy and energy transitions: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Climate Policy, 17(5), 650-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2016.1173003
Newell, P., Srivastava, S., Naess, L. O., Torres Contreras, G. A., & Price, R. (2021). Toward transformative climate justice: An emerging research agenda. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(6), e733. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.733
Nsafon, B. E. K., Same, N. N., Yakub, A. O., Chaulagain, D., Kumar, N. M., & Huh, J. S. (2023). The justice and policy implications of clean energy transition in Africa. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1089391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1089391
Nuru, J. T., Rhoades, J. L., & Gruber, J. S. (2021). Evidence of adaptation, mitigation, and development co-benefits of solar mini-grids in rural Ghana. Energy and Climate Change, 2, 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2021.100024
Nyasapoh, M. A., Debrah, S. K., & Twerefou, D. K. (2023). Long-term electricity generation analysis and policy implications–the case of Ghana. Cogent Engineering, 10(1), 2209996. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2023.2209996
Obi, J. N., Ojo, E., & Ujah, C. O. (2025). Decentralised Renewable Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Review of Pathways to Equitable and Sustainable Energy Transitions. Unconventional Resources, 100267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100267
Okereke, C., & Coventry, P. (2016). Climate justice and the international regime: before, during, and after Paris. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7(6), 834-851. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.419
Okesiji, S. O. (2025). Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems: A Pathway to Climate Resilience in Low-Income Regions. Sustainability and Climate Change, 18(2), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1089/scc.2025.0014
Omisore, A. G. (2018). Attaining Sustainable Development Goals in sub-Saharan Africa; The need to address environmental challenges. Environmental development, 25, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2017.09.002
Oreggioni, G. D., Ferraio, F. M., Crippa, M., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Guizzardi, D., ... & Vignati, E. (2021). Climate change in a changing world: Socio-economic and technological transitions, regulatory frameworks and trends on global greenhouse gas emissions from EDGAR v. 5.0. Global Environmental Change, 70, 102350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102350
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2024). Climate Finance and the USD 100 billion goal. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/climate-finance-and-the-usd-100-billion-goal.html
Ouedraogo, N. S. (2020). Transition pathways for North Africa to meet its (intended) nationally determined contributions ((I) NDCs) under the Paris Agreement: a model-based assessment. Climate Policy, 20(1), 71-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1685449
Oyewo, A. S., Sterl, S., Khalili, S., & Breyer, C. (2023). Highly renewable energy systems in Africa: Rationale, research, and recommendations. Joule, 7(7), 1437-1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.06.004
Pelling, M., & Garschagen, M. (2019). Put equity first in climate adaptation. Nature, 569(7756), 327-329. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01497-9
Peters, J., Sievert, M., & Toman, M. A. (2019). Rural electrification through mini-grids: Challenges ahead. Energy Policy, 132, 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.016
Pode, R. (2013). Financing LED solar home systems in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 596-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.004
Rahut, D. B., Aryal, J. P., & Marenya, P. (2021). Ex-ante adaptation strategies for climate challenges in sub-Saharan Africa: Macro and micro perspectives. Environmental Challenges, 3, 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100035
Rapley, T., & Rees, G. (2018). Collecting documents as data. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data collection, 378-391. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.n24
Republic of Ghana.(2015). Ghana's Third National Communication Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanc3.pdf
Riger, S., & Sigurvinsdottir, R. (2016). Thematic analysis. Handbook of methodological approaches to community-based research: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, 33-41. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-04165-004
Rockefeller Foundation. (2021). Historic Alliance Launches at COP26 to Accelerate a Transition to Renewable Energy, Access to Energy for All, and Jobs. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/historic-alliance-launches-at-cop26-to-accelerate-renewable-energy-climate-solutions-and-jobs/
Saddari, N., Derkyi, N. S. A., & Peprah, F. (2024). Towards sustainable and affordable energy for isolated communities: A technical and economic comparative assessment of grid and solar PV supply for Kyiriboja, Ghana. Solar Compass, 10, 100072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solcom.2024.100072
SNV. (2021). Lighting-up Isolated communities in Ghana with Mini-grids. https://snv.org/update/lighting-isolated-communities-ghana-mini-grids
Stephanie, N., Abubakar, J. A., & Ademola, O. F. (2024, March). The impact of stand-alone systems in Nigeria’s energy distribution sector and present-day challenges faced. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1322, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2024E&ES.1322a2010S/doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1322/1/012010
Sule, I. K., Yusuf, A. M., & Salihu, M. K. (2022). Impact of energy poverty on education inequality and infant mortality in some selected African countries. Energy Nexus, 5, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100034
Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All). (2012). A Global Action Agenda. Pathways for Concerted Action toward Sustainable Energy for All. https://www.seforall.org/system/files/gather-content/SEFA-Action-Agenda-Final.pdf
United Nations Climate Change. (2023). COP28 UAE. https://www.cop28.com
United Nations Climate Change. (2024). COP29 UN Climate Conference Agrees to Triple Finance to Developing Countries, Protecting Lives and Livelihoods. https://unfccc.int/cop29
United Nations Development Programme. (2022). Minigrids for Africa’: Calling for energy access for all Africans at COP27. https://www.undp.org/energy/blog/minigrids-africa-calling-energy-access-all-africans-cop27
United Nations Development Programme. (2023). What are NDCs and how do they drive climate action? https://climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/NDCs-nationally-determined-contributions-climate-change-what-you-need-to-know
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2016). USAID Announces New Partnership with African Union Commission to Reach Paris Agreement Goals in Africa. https://www.usaid.gov/press-release/usaid-announces-new-partnership-african-union-commission-reach-paris-agreement-goals-africa#:~:text=Fifty%2Dfour%20countries%20in%20Africa,and%20adapt%20to%20climate%20change
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2023). What are the technical components of a mini-grid? https://www.usaid.gov/energy/mini-grids/technical-design/components#:~:text=Mini%2Dgrid%20energy%20generation%20technologies,are%20either%20renewable%20or%20nonrenewable
Van den Bulck, H., Puppis, M., Donders, K., & Van Audenhove, L. (Eds.). (2019). The Palgrave handbook of methods for media policy research. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030160647
Woodman-Hardy, A. (2024). Is the Loss and Damage Fund all that it promises to be? https://environment.blogs.bristol.ac.uk/2024/02/01/is-the-loss-and-damage-fund-all-that-it-promises-to-be/#:~:text=In%20addition%2C%20concerns%20were%20raised,funds%20and%20who%20doesn%27t
World Bank. (2014). Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL), “Global tracking framework” https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16537
World Bank. (2022). Climate Change Law in Ghana: Analysis of National Legal Frameworks for Climate Action and Development. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/be9a2ac1-4b9c-597e-bb33-4ef086cdd0ff/content
Zalengera, C., To, L. S., Sieff, R., Mohr, A., Eales, A., Cloke, J., ... & Batchelor, S. (2020). Decentralization: the key to accelerating access to distributed energy services in sub-Saharan Africa?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 10(3), 270-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-020-00608-7
Zarkik, A. (2022). COP27: a brief account of contemporary climate adaptation and mitigation policies, a view from the south. Policy Center for the New South, Salé, 1. https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/2022-11/PB_63-22_Zarkik.pdf
Zhang, Y. X., Chao, Q. C., Zheng, Q. H., & Huang, L. (2017). The withdrawal of the US from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance. Advances in Climate Change Research, 8(4), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.08.005
Article Sidebar
