Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Sawdust Oil Using Snail Shell-Derived Bio-Catalyst
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Abstract
This study investigated the production of biodiesel from sawdust oil using a snail shell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst. The objectives were to extract and characterize oil from sawdust, synthesize and analyze a bio-based catalyst, and evaluate the properties of the biodiesel produced. Oil extraction was carried out with n-hexane, yielding 32%, which was higher than some conventional oilseeds. The extracted oil showed a pH of 6.6, density of 0.83 g/cm³, viscosity of 4.30 mm²/s, and a flash point of 133°C, indicating its suitability as a biodiesel feedstock. Snail shells were calcined at 900°C and characterized by X-ray diffraction, confirming CaO as the dominant phase. Transesterification of the oil with ethanol in the presence of the catalyst produced biodiesel that was analyzed for physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition. The biodiesel exhibited a viscosity of 2.43 mm²/s, acid value of 0.29 mg KOH/g, cetane number of 51, and flash point of 14700B0C, all within ASTM standards. GC–MS analysis revealed 17.8% saturated and 79.8% unsaturated fatty acids, providing a balance of oxidative stability and cold-flow performance. Overall, the study demonstrates that sawdust oil and snail shell-derived CaO are viable, low-cost, and sustainable materials for biodiesel production. It is recommended that further optimization of catalyst loading and reaction parameters be carried out to enhance fuel properties and promote large-scale application.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Osuji Ihechukwu Daniel, Akomah Ugochukwu Chibuzo , Oyefeso Iyanuoluwa Esther, Victor Chizaram Ibekwere, Bonaventure Rapuluchukwu Ezejelue, Charles Chetachi Obiagwu, Oscar Ekeoma Ekeodu (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Osuji Ihechukwu Daniel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Ihechukwu Osuji is a research assistant with a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering. He is interested in metabolic engineering and sustainable energy production and aims to pursue a PhD in reprogramming microbial pathways for the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic and plastic-derived substrates into renewable biofuels.
He has skills in conducting PRISMA-based systematic reviews, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, executing comprehensive database searches, and performing full-text screening and data extraction to inform evidence-based conclusions. His experimental work includes optimizing enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent–pretreated sawdust for bioethanol production, as well as investigating biomass-catalyzed plastic-to-fuel conversion processes.
His long-term aspiration is to become a professor at a leading research university, guiding cutting-edge research that delivers innovative solutions to global energy and waste management challenges.
Akomah Ugochukwu Chibuzo , Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Akomah Ugochukwu is a Research Assistant with a background in Chemical Engineering and a strong focus on sustainability-driven innovation. His undergraduate thesis on the optimization of biodegradable chitosan–glycerol bioplastics from waste potato peels reflects his early commitment to circular economy solutions and waste valorization. He has since expanded his research to address global environmental challenges at the intersection of microplastics and PFAS pollution, bioproducts engineering, and advanced environmental remediation techniques.
He is a recipient of prestigious awards and scholarships including the NNPC/TOTAL and Nigerian LNG scholarships, and has interned with Nigeria’s energy titan, NNPC Ltd, and global oilfield services leader, SLB (formerly Schlumberger), where he contributed to sustainable practices and carbon emission reduction initiatives. Beyond technical work, he has held leadership and public speaking roles through platforms such as the Nigerian Institution of Environmental Engineers (NIEE) and also an active member of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (NSChE) and the International Association of Engineers (IAENG), continually expanding his professional network and impact, while championing science communication and environmental advocacy.
His recent research efforts explore low-cost bio-based adsorbents for removing persistent pollutants, plastic-to-biomaterial remediation, and sustainable waste-to-resource technologies that support a circular economy transition. He is particularly interested in integrating environmental engineering with biomaterials science and hydrology to create scalable solutions for pollution control and resource recovery in emerging economies.
He seeks to pursue a Ph.D. in Environmental and Sustainability Engineering, ultimately becoming a professor and research leader. His vision is to pioneer affordable, high-impact technologies that safeguard ecosystems, promote resource circularity, and accelerate the global shift toward a sustainable future
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