Africanisation of Christianity in Nigeria A Historical Appraisal from Missionary Liturgy to Indigenous Worship

Abstract

Christianity in Nigeria emerged within a missionary framework in which European forms of worship, church organisation, music, language, and liturgical practice were frequently presented as normative expressions of the Christian faith. Over time, Nigerian Christians increasingly appropriated, modified, and reconstructed these forms through indigenous languages, music, dance, ritual expressions, prayer practices, preaching styles, and theological categories. This study examines the historical process through which Christianity in Nigeria moved from predominantly missionary-controlled liturgical forms towards increasingly indigenous expressions of worship.  The study employed a qualitative historical-documentary design. Relevant scholarly literature, historical accounts, theological studies, and recent research on Nigerian Christian worship were critically examined and interpreted thematically. Particular attention was given to missionary Christianity, African agency, denominational developments, indigenous churches, inculturation, and contemporary Pentecostal worship. The study found that Africanisation was neither an instantaneous rejection of missionary Christianity nor a simple return to traditional religion. Rather, it developed through a gradual process of translation, negotiation, appropriation, resistance, and theological reconstruction. Indigenous musical forms, local languages, African leadership, Aladura spirituality, Pentecostal practices, and culturally meaningful symbols became significant vehicles through which Nigerian Christians expressed Christian faith.  Africanisation demonstrates the capacity of Nigerian Christianity to appropriate Christianity within local cultural worlds while retaining its Christian identity. It also reveals continuing tensions concerning the boundaries between cultural adaptation and the incorporation of indigenous religious elements.